KALONYMUS:
(Redirected from ASTRUC KALONYMUS.)- 1. Hananeel I. (ben Kalonymus):
- 2. Ithiel I.:
- 3. Jekuthiel ben Moses:
- 4. Kalonymus II. (ben Moses):
- 5. Kalonymus III. (ben Meshullam):
- 6. Kalonymus ben Isaac the Elder:
- 7. Kalonymus b. Judah or Kalonymus the Elder:
- 8. Kalonymus ben Judah or Kalonymus the Younger:
- 9. Meshullam the Great (called also the Roman,
V07p425011.jpg ): - 10. Meshullam ben Moses:
- 11. Moses I. (ben Meshullam):
- 12. Moses ben Kalonymus:
A prominent family (originally from Lucca, Italy), which, after the settlement at Mayence and Speyer of several of its members, took during many generations a leading part in the development of Jewish learning in Germany. The name ought really to be spelled "Kalonymos," as Kalonymus b. Kalonymus and Immanuel of Rome both rime it with words ending in "-mos" (see Zunz in Geiger's "Zeitschrift," iv. 199). The origin of the name, which occurs in Greece, Italy, and Provence, is uncertain. Wolf thought it a translation of the Hebrew "Shem-Ṭob" (Zunz, "G. S." ii. 33); Zunz, that it represented the Latin "Cleonymus" (Geiger's "Zeitschrift," ii. 316). See also Steinschneider, "Cat. Bodl." col. 1372. Traces of the family in Italy may be found as early as the second half of the eighth century. As to the date of the settlement of its members in Germany, the opinions of modern scholars are divided, owing to the conflicting statements of the Jewish sources (Eleazar of Worms, "Maẓref la-Ḥokmah," p. 14b; Solomon Luria, Responsa, No. 29; Joseph ha-Kohen, "'Emeḳ ha-Baka," p. 13). Rapoport, Zunz, and many others place the settlement in 876, believing the King Charles (
Although all of them are mentioned as having been important scholars, the nature of the activity of only a few of them is known.
1. Hananeel I. (ben Kalonymus):Liturgical poet; flourished at Mayence or Speyer in the eleventh century; brother of Moses III. He was the author of the piyyuṭ
A short seliḥah in eight strophes, beginning with
Liturgical poet; flourished at Speyer in 1070. He was the author of the reshut
Halakist and liturgical poet; flourished at Lucca or at Rome about 950. He was consulted on ritual questions by Gershon Me'or ha-Golah; and twelve responsa of his are included in the collection compiled by Joseph ben Samuel 'Alam Ṭob and published by D. Cassel under the title "Teshubot Geonim Ḳadmonim" (Nos. 106-118). Gershon Me'or ha-Golah remarks ("Shibbole ha-Leḳeṭ," § 18) that there exists in rabbinical literature a confusion concerning the identity of Kalonymus and his son Meshullam the Great, and the saying of one is sometimes attributed to the other. Thus Rashi quotes three emendations in the Talmudical text in the name of R. Meshullam (Zeb. 45b), while Jacob Tam (Tos., Men. 109b) gives them in the name of R. Kalonymus. Kalonymus was the author of a ḳerobah for feast-days ("Ma'aseh Geonim," § 172). To him probably belong the rehiṭim
Liturgical poet; flourished at Mayence about 1000. He figures in the Amnon legend as having written the "U-Netanneh Toḳef," which had been revealed to him in a dream by the martyr Amnon of Mayence.
6. Kalonymus ben Isaac the Elder:German balakist; lived at Speyer in the eleventh and twelfth centuries; father of Samuel he-Ḥasid, grandfather of Judah he-Ḥasid, and great-grandfather of Judah ben Kalonymus, as the following pedigree shows:
Kalonymus is quoted in the Tosafot (Ḥul. 47b), and a responsum of his is included in the collection of responsa of Meïr of Rothenburg (No. 501). From the account of Kalonymus given in the "Mordekai" (Pes.
- Michael, Or ha-Ḥayyim, p. 572;
- Wiener, in Monatsschrift, xii. 164;
- Epstein, ib. xli. 448.
Lived in Mayence at the beginning of the twelfth century. He was a contemporary of Eliakim b. Joseph, the teacher of Eleazar b. Nathan (RaBaN).
8. Kalonymus ben Judah or Kalonymus the Younger:Liturgical poet; flourished at Speyer (?) about 1160; probably a grandson of Kalonymus ben Isaac the Elder. He was a contemporary of Isaac b. Shalom, grandfather of Isaac Or Zarua', and was the author of many liturgical poems in various styles, e.g., ofan, zulat, and reshut, and especially of seliḥot. Thirty of his poetical productions have been incorporated in the Maḥzor. Among his seliḥot the most noteworthy are:
- Zunz, S. P. pp. 16, 196;
- idem, Literaturgesch. pp. 164-166, 255;
- Epstein, in Monatsschrift, xii. 449.
Halakist and liturgical poet; flourished at Rome or at Lucca about 976. He carried on with Gershon Me'or ha-Golah and Simon the Great a scientific correspondence, which is included in the "Teshubot Geonim Ḳadmonim" (13a), and was the author of a commentary on Abot ("'Aruk," s.v.
Liturgical poet; lived at Mayence in 1080. He was the author of the following five piyyuṭim: (1)
Meshullam was among those who killed themselves May 27, 1096, in order not to fall into the hands of the Crusaders (Neubauer and Stern, "Hebräische Berichte über die Judenverfolgungen," p. 6).
11. Moses I. (ben Meshullam):Liturgical poet; lived at Rome or at Lucca about 850. Two taḥanunim of his are incorporated in the Maḥzor: one, beginning with
Liturgical poet; flourished at Mayence in 1020. He was the author of
- Rapoport, in Bikkure ha-'Ittim, x. 40 et seq., 111 et seq.; xi. 100;
- Carmoly, in Jost's Annalen, i. 222;
- Luzzatto, Giudaismo Illustrato, p. 30;
- Zunz, G. V. Index;
- idem, Literaturgesch. Index;
- idem, Z. G. Index;
- Monatsschrift, 1854, pp. 236 et seq.; 1878, pp. 250 et seq.;
- Grätz, Gesch. v. 193;
- Güdemann, Gesch. i. 11 et seq.;
- Giesebrecht, Kaiserzeit, i. 849;
- Bresslau, in Zeitschrift für die Gesch. der Juden in Deutschland, i. 156 et seq.;
- Aronius, ib. ii. 82 et seq.;
- Vogelstein and Rieger, Gesch. der Juden in Rom, i. 139.